AMATEKA Y'IMYANDIKIRE HIFASHISHIJWE UMWERO KABBALAH + HISTORY



INYANDIKO

ni igihangano gikomeye cyakozwe nabantu mubihe byakera ndetse kera cyane.
amateka atwerekako inyandiko yambere ishobora kuba yarabayeho hagati 3400(BC) na 3300(BC) mbere yivuka rya yesu kristo.
inyandiko ni igitangaza mumateka kuko tubonako inyandiko irimubinyabiziga byagiye bifasha Ingoma na Abami bazo kwamamara, kwagura ubwami bwabo ndetse dusanga Abami bamwe mumateka baragiye bifashisha inyandiko mukurwanya no gusenya imico yabandi bami maze bakubaka ubwami bwabo. urugero ni umwami womubwoko bwaba Semite witwaga SARIGONI yari umwami wa akadiya.

uyu SARIGONI yaje kubaka ubwami bwabami yifashishije inyandiko yicyogihe yitwaga cuneiform arabanza afata ubwami bubiri akediya na sumeri bukeye afata nibindi bihugu 13 Kandi byose ninyandiko yiwe yabigiragamo uruhare; ibi turaza kubivugaho birambuye muri chap ivuga amateka yinyandiko.
ahubwo reka dukomeze tuvuge icyo inyandiko aricyo:
inyandiko rero ni ibanze mumateka kuberako inyandiko ibasha kubika amakuru akabaho arambye mubihe yabitswe neza. ibyomvuga bifite gihamya kuberako magingo Aya turacyasoma inkuru ziri mubitabo byanditswe mubihe byakera; urugero ni ibitabo byamadini nka Quran, Bible.
mubyukuri ntamuntu wakwiga kunyandiko ngo azafindure ibyayo hatabayeho kwifashisha amateka, ibitabo, ibisigaratongo, ubugeni ni ibindi bitandukanye ugenda usanga mumateka yinyandiko ubwayo. amateka rero birakwiyeko natwe tuza kuyifashisha gusa reka mbabwire akantu kingenzi kavuga inyandiko mumagambo make
inyandiko ni ishusho yu ururimi iba yaragenewe, ibyo ubizirikane. rero kugirango tumenye neza inyandiko hamwe ni ibyayo reka tubanze turebere hamwe ururimi/indimi icyo aricyo nuko nyuma biraza kudufasha gusobanukirwa inyandiko.

URURIMI

ururimi ni uburyo bwo guhanahana amakuru binyujijwe mumajwi avugwa. amateka ni isoko yubumenyi kuko abasha kukwereka iyuva ukamenya iyujya. nagerageje kwiga kumateka yi indimi gusa igitabo nasanzemo amakuru yakwizerwa kubyerekeye indimi/ururimi ni bibiriya kuko iyo igaragazako indimi zose ko zivuka kururimi rumwe nkuko abantu bavuka kumuntu, umuntu nawe akavuka avuye mu inda, urwanda rukaba iyo nda ibyarabose.
Bible mu itangiriro 11:1 haranditse ngo isi yose yari ifite ururimi rumwe na amagambo amwe. aha birerekanako ururimi rwari rumwe gusa icyakora ntago tuza kureba urwo rurimi urwo arirwo, nibwirako uwazashaka kumenya urwo rurimi urwo arirwo yazifashisha ubushakashatsi ni ibitabo(nki ingobyi ya edeni) byanditswe na pastor Sebanani.

jyeweho ndashakako tuvuga kumivugire ni imyandikire yindimi zose, rero birumvikanako mugihe isi yose yari ifite ururimi rumwe niba harihariho inyandiko nayo yagombaga kuba imwe.
itangiriro 11:7 haranditse ngo reka tumanuke tuhahindurire ururimi rwabo, rubemo nyinshi zinyuranye bekumvana nuko ibyo bigutere kwibaza nti "ese mugihe indimi zaje kubanyinshi imyandikire byagenze gute?" ndabizi neza Yuko buri wese wibajije akakabazo yarangije nokukabonera igisubizo muburyo bwiwe bitewe nimyumvire yiwe gusa reka dukomeze twifashishe amateka yanditse muri bibiriya. kuberako Bible nkuko igaragazako hahozeho ururimi rumwe rukavamo indimi nyinshi ninako yerekanako buri rurimi rukeneye cyangwase rugomba inyandiko yarwo yihariye. gihamya cy'ibyondikuvuga Kiri munkuru zumugabo witwaga Daniel
muri Daniel 5:25 haranditse ngo Kandi ibyanditswe ni byo ibi: mene mene tekeli ufarisini. iyinkuru yerekana ukuntu umwami Berushazali yarari kwizihiza ibirori nuko akabona ikiganza cyandika kugikuta Kandi iyo nyandiko ntago ariyo yakoreshwaga mubwami bwiwe ndetse iyo nyandiko yandikaga ururimi rudakoreshwa aho ibwami, kuberako Daniel wasomye iyo nyandiko byamusabye nokuyisemurira(gusobanura) umwami nuko amubwira ijambo kurindi kugirango umwami asobanukirwe ibyanditswe atabashije gusobanukirwa ubwiwe.
Ibyo birerekanako igihe Imana yatandukanyirije indimi arinacyogihe yatandukanyirije imyandikire. gusa hariho amoko Yi indimi aho usanga amagambo adasa yose ariko amajwi akoreshwa muri izo ndimi ugasanga arasa, mwene izindimi ntago bitera ikibazo gikabije iyo zihuje inyandiko, urugero:

  1. Bantu languages (kinyarwanda, kurindi, kikuyu, Swahili, nyanja, lingala)
  2. Latin languages (English, french, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian )
  3. semitic languages (Hebrew, Arab, Sumerian, Amharic)
  4. han languages (Korea, Mahan, Byeonhan and Jinhan)

INYANDIKO BYIMBITSE

rero ndakekako aricyo gihe ngo turambure inyandiko icyaricyo Kandi ndizerako tumaze kugira icyo twayimenyeho, bityo ntago biza kudusaba gukoresha amagambo menshi. ahubwo make yingenzi azakuza kuzuza byose twagiye tuvuga.
Inyandiko ni iremwa ryamashusho hanyuma utwo dushushanyo twaremwe tugahagararira cyangwa tukagaragaza amajwi runaka tuba-twaragenewe bagendeye kururimi iba yararemewe.
nkuko mubizi amagambo mumajwi tuvuga ntago agaragara ariko aho inyandiko ibera igitangaza nuko Ari ubugeni bwagenewe kuba umubiri wi ibitagaragara aribyo magambo mumajwi tuvuga, kuko ururimi ni umwuka(roho) naho inyandiko ikaba umubiri wambikwa ya roho. niyo mpamvu hariho ikintu kimwe nzahora mpamya aricyo iki, nuko amoko abiri yindimi zitandukanye bidakwiriyeko izo ndimi zahuza inyandiko imwe, kuberako iyo bibaye zigahuza inyandiko Kandi zidasangiye ubwoko icyogihe haboneka amahirwe menshi Yuko rumwe murizo ruzakura rugakomera naho urundi rugira ikibazo kuko uko ibihe biha ibindi birangira ruzimye ndetse kugera kuri burundu. ikibazo cyokwibazwa Niki ese ururimi ruzakura rukamamara ni uruhe? ese ururimi ruzazima rukabura urwo ruzaba uruhe?
ibibibazo kubisubiza ntekerezako bidasaba gusoma ibitabo byinshi kuberako arinjye ariwowe ndatekerezako twembi turigutekerezako ururimi bagendeyeho bahimba inyandiko ruzakomera naho urwo basangije inyandiko yabandi rukazabura rwose, niba nawe wabitekereje gutyo umenye udashidikanyako wabikoze. mubyukuri ntibikwiriye ko zahuza inyandiko Kandi tubiziko inyandiko igereranwa numubiri rero nkuko roho zabantu zitandukanye bikaba bigaragazwa nuko ndetse namasura cg imubiri bidasa, ninako ninyandiko bikwiriye kumera. ibi tumaze kureba ndakekako biberetse impamvu abanyarwanda natwe ubwacu dukeneye imyandikire cg inyandiko yacu bwite itandukanya ubwiza bwururimi rwacu nizindindimi zose kandi ubudasa mumivugire y'ikinyarwanda bukagaragazwa no mumyandikire kuberako nkubu twebwe abanyarwanda dukoresha inyuguti zabalatini gusa iyo ugereranyije usanga indimi zakilatini arizo zikomeza kogera kuruta ururimi rwacu Kandi zikogerera iwacu rero iki nicogihe ngo dukosore umuze uri mumateka yacu.

mvuze umuze wakumva nkabije nyamara sinkabije ahubwo nabuze ijambo ryaremera kuruta umuze, tekereza nawe umukoroni wadukoronije yaje mu rwanda atazi kuvuga ikinyarwanda ariko ararenga atwigisha kwandika ikinyarwanda. n'ishyano kuko ntawakwigisha uwo uriwe.

amateka yacu atwerekako ishyano ryagwiriye urwanda nuko kalinga irenzwa impinga, umwami abura ijambo rubanda rurabatwa(colonized) rubura gitabara, nuko uwatubase yaravugaga( ijambo rye rikaba intero inyikirizo yarubanda ikaba yego mwidishyi,) ntawamuvuguruzaga gusa kurubu twebweho dufite agahenge kubwigenge ninayo mpamvu dukwiriye kureba ibyangijwe mumateka maze nkurubyiruko byumwihariko, dukotane ngo ahari dukosore ayo makosa yatewe nabatubase.
mbisubiyemo umukoroni igihe yaje kutubata yaje atazi kuvuga ikinyarwanda, ariko igitangaje nuko nubwo Atari azi kuvuga ikinyarwanda niwe watwigishije kwandika ikinyarwanda sinzi wowe uko urikubyumva ariko niba utyaye, ndakekako nawe wamaze kumvako harimo ikibazo. ibyo nabyizeho nsanga umukoroni aribwo buryo yarafite bwokumufasha kuneka akamenya kumva ibyo tuvuga maze akabona uburyo atubata uko abishaka.
rero murabizi uburyo abazungu bavuga ikinyarwanda rwose ntago Ari ibanga kiba gipfuye Kandi akenshi iyo urikubumva urabaseka uti "ikinyarwanda kiragoye Dore bananiwe kukivuga" byumwihariko kuri wowe ukunze kubagaya ndagirango nawe ubwawe wiseke  kuberako niba abazungu aribo baduhaye inyandiko birumvikanako twebwe iyotwanditse, burya tuba twanditse cyakinyarwanda gipfuye kimwe kivugwa nabazungu kuberako umuntu agena inyandiko y'ururimi agendeye kuburyo aruvuga. rero abanyarwanda dukwiriye kwandika ikinyarwanda nkuko tukivuga ubwacu abanyarwanda. Kandi ninabwo buryo buhari bwogusigasira ururimi n'umuco wacu ibihe byose.
erega buri gahugu iyo gakomeje gukomera ku umuco wako karakura
naho iyo agahugu gakomerekeje kagakerensa umuco wako karabura neza neza kakibagirana.

Urwanda rufite umuco warwo wihariye Kandi mwiza, gusa ujye uzirikanako ikinyarwanda nkururimi rwacu ariyongobyi ihetse umuco nyarwanda. rero ikiruta byose kuritwe nuko twabanza gusigasira ikinyarwanda maze tukagiha Ireme kigakomezwa ninyandiko yacyo bwite. Kandi iyo yaba imwe muntambwe ikomeye yokwamamaza umuco nyarwanda no kugaragaza ubudasa bwacu nabandi kuko uramutse witegereje neza wasanga ibihugu bifite inyandiko yabyo bwite aribyo bigenda bikwirakwiza imico yabyo ku isi yose urugero ni Hebrew, China, Arab nyamara mubyukuri abanyarwanda nitwebwe dukwiriye kwanda nicyo gihe rero ngo tube maso maze duhamye wamugani wi ikinyarwanda uvuga uti "izina niryo muntu".

AMATEKA Y'INYANDIKO

Amateka ni ibanze kunyandiko Kandi inyandiko nayo nibanze kumateka, murimake abo bombi ni ababyara. kuberako inyandiko amakuru ibika niyo mateka Kandi ayo mateka niyo asubira akabika amakuru yose avuga kunyandiko, biratangaje.
inyandiko nigitangaza kuberako ibika amakuru yomubihe bitandukanye, nicyo gituma ukumenya kose biba munyandiko ndetse nokumenya inyandiko biri munyandiko, urugero rworoshye nuko jyewe ibyo nifuje kubwira uRwanda urw'umu nu urw'iyo, urw'ubu nu urw'ejo nabinyujije munyandiko none aho urihose urikubisoma ukamera nkuri kubyibwira. ibi ndikukubwira abaye Ari imitekerereze yanjye Misa birakwiriye ko nceceka kuko mvuze naba ndikuroga uRwanda, mukuru wanjye yigeze kumbwira umugani mugifaransa mubaza icyo bisigura nuko arambwira ati "udasoma aceceke" Kandi Koko yarambwiye amagambo yuzuye impanuro, yitwa Nshimyumukiza F akaba intyoza mugusoma, yampaye urugero rwiza kuko yankundishije gusoma mpora mbimushimira, rero uko nasomye kose uko, najegusanga bikwiriyeko uwasomye anandika nicyogituma nanjye nahisemo kwandika kugirango mbamenyeshe ibyerekeye imyandikire.
abantu benshi bibwirako kwandika byatangiriye muri egiputa gusa ibyo bihabanye nibiri mumateka yanditswe, abahanga benshi mubyamateka ndetse bashingiye kunyandiko basomye, ubushakashatsi bakoze burimo gucukumbura amakuru mubisigaratongo ndetse no kuganiriza abashaje, Bose bagaragazako inyandiko yambere yabayeho mumyaka Yi 3400BC ni 3300BC nicyo gihe habonetse inyandiko yabayeho mbere yizindi zose, iyo nyandiko yitwaga Cuneiform ikaba yararemwe na abacurabwenge bo mubwami bwa Mesopotamia igereranwa na Iraq yuyumunsi. iyi Cuneiform ifite amateka maremare kuberako amateka yiyinyandiko afatanye namateka yumwami wabami Sarigon wo mubwami bwa akadiya.

inyandiko yakabiri uyisanga muri Africa mugihugu cya egiputa
iyo nyandiko yabanyegiputa ifite umwihariko kuberako yifitemo ubundi buhanga buruta inyandiko ubwayo, kuberako usanga Ari inyandiko ihishe amakuru yibinyabuzima hamwe namakuru yubugingo bwaburi kinyabuzima, ntarajya kure iyi nyandiko ihambaye yitwa herogirife. herogirife ifite uburyo itandukanye nizindi nyandiko bitewe n'ubuhanga bwayo, iyinyandiko ntago bayisoma nkizindi nyandiko niyo mpamvu abahanga kubyerekeye indimi bavugako herogirife idasomwa ahubwo ifindurwa(interpreted) mbese igika cyanditswe nayo abantu bashobora kugisoma muburyo butandukanye Kandi bakanagisobanura munzira zihabanye. ikindi nuko benshi bavugako iyinyandiko ariyo nkomoko yimyandikire myinshi iriho ku isi. iyi herogirife amateka yerekanako yatangiye gukoreshwa mumyaka yi 3200BC, gusa ikintu cyingenzi kumenya nuko iyinyandiko banyirayo ubwabo bayibyajemo izindi nyandiko ebyiri zitandukanye, nuko imwe yiswe hiyerotike ariyo nyandiko yakoreshwaga nabatambyi bomuri egiputa. iyakabiri ikitwa demonike, ibi birerekanako bishobokako hariho nizindi nyandiko zaba zaravutse kubera herogirife kuko tubona nindi nyandiko yitwa koputike(coptic alphabet) , ibyo turaza kubirebera hamwe mugihe tuza kwibaza icyo arufabe aricyo ndetse naho zikomoka.

izi nyandiko ebyiri(Cuneiform na hieroglyphs) hamwe nizindi ebyiri ngiye kubabwira ntanimwe wavugako Ari iyambere kuyindi kuberako ntanimwe yiganye iyindi usibye Yuko zakozwe mubihe bitandukanye, ubwo mumvugo nziza wavugako imwe iruta indi mubyukuri bitewe nigihe yakorewe. rero iyo twise iyambere nukuvugako ariyo yakoreshejwe kera kuruta izindi. rero hariho nizindi zakozwe mubihe byakera mumico itandukanye aho tubona inyandiko ya abashinwa mubwami bwa shang-dynast mumyaka Yi 3200BC, naho mumyaka ya 900BC na 600BC nibwo dutangira kubonako mur'ibyobihe aribwo inyandiko cyangwa hieroglyphs za abamesewo-america aribo bitwa abamaya ko arico gihe batangiye gukoresha inyandiko zabo.

izi nyandiko uko Ari 4 zose zifite ibyo zihuje harimo Yuko zose zikomeye, kuziga ukazimenya bisaba ubuhanga buhambaye. ikindi usanga zari zifite uburyo ishusho imwe yabaga isobanuye interuro ya amagambo cyangwase ijambo runaka. urugero ni ijisho ryo muri hieroglyphs za abanyegiputa rishobora gusobanurwa muri ubu buryo:

herogirife uko wabisobanura
risobanuye ijisho, kureba, kumenya
rikongera rikavuga Imana ya egiputa yitwa horus
ikindi Zihuje nuko zose zitagikoreshwa kubera gukomera kwazo. imikorere yiyi myandikire iri mubyateye abantu gushaka uburyo bworoshye bwo kwandika Kandi bwizewe. ubwo buryo bwaje bwiza babwita alphabet cg inyuguti.


ALPHABET (INYUGUTI)

nyuma Yuko isi yarimaze gukwizwa inyandiko zigoye kwiga nokumenya haje kuboneka uburyo bwiza Kandi bwizewe. ubwo buryo bwabaye ubwoko bushya bwimyandikire bubasha kwandika ijambo kurindi hakurikijwe ijwi ku ijwi, Kandi hakoreshejwe ibimenyetso bike cyane biri munsi yijana(100), aho usanga harimo utumenyetso duhagarariye inyajwi utundi ingombajwi. birumvikanako ububwoko bwimyandikire Ari bwiza kuko biroroshye kwiga ibimenyetso bike biri munsi yijana kuruta uko wakwiga ibimenyetso bibarirwa mumagana.
inyuguti(alphabet) yambere yabayeho ninayo nkomoko yizindi alphabet zose, rero inyuguti cg arufabeti zambere zakozwe na abacukuzi bamabuye yagaciro babanyakanani kandi abo banyakanani Bari abagaragu ba farawo ibyo bikagaragazako Bari bafite bike bazi kuri herogirife ya abanyagiputa. ikindi Kandi dusanga abo banyakanani inyuguti zabo ziganjemo ibimenyetso byinshi bibarirwa mumaduzeni byaba byarakuwe mubimenyetso amagana byomunyandiko ya abanyegiputa gusa abo bacukuzi bamabuye nabo baje kongeraho Andi mashushu/ibimenyetso bihimbiye ariko bayahimbye bagendeye ku umuco wabo bwite. buri inyuguti bakuraga muri hieroglyphs ntago bayandikaga nkuko yari isanzwe iteye, ahubwo bayandikaga nkaho iri mundorerwamo(barayicurikaga) barangije inyandiko yabo bayiha icyerekezo naho ubundi inyandiko ya abanyegiputa ntago yagiraga icyerekezo igenderaho iyo washakaga waheraga iburyo ujya ibumoso cyangwa ibumoso ujya iburyo rero abanyakanani ibo iyabo bayihaye icyerekezo ndahindurwa aho bandikaga bava iburyo bajya ibumoso.

birakwiriye ko twese dushimira abanyekanani kubera igihangano cyuje ubwenge bahaye isi, nibo bambere bakoze inyajwi ni ingombajwi. bukeye inyandiko yabo yaje gutwarwa na abanyefonezia(phonesia) maze bayihinduraho akantu gato gusa bayigira iyabo, bukeye bwaho ubwami bwabo bwaraguye hazamuka ubwami bwa abagereki(Greece) nuko abagereki nabo bazungura yamyandikire bayigira iyabo maze nabo bahinduraho utuntu dukeduke, bukeye bwaho habonetse Ingoma yaba eturisika(Etruscan) nabo bazungura yamyandikire yakigereki nuko bahindura utuntu dukeduke bayigira iyabo, bukeye bwaho haje ubwami bwa abaratini(Latin) nabo bazungura yamyandikire nabo bahindura cyangwa bongeraho ibintu bimwe na bimwe inyandiko iba iyabo, bukeye bwaho haje kuboneka ubwami bwubunyembaraga bwa abaromani, ubwami bwa abaroma nabwo bwaje kuzungura yamyandikire igitangaje Roma ntakintu nagito yigeze ihindura kuri yanyandiko yakiratini akaba arinayo mpamvu izi nyuguti turi gukoresha tuzitirira abaratini kuruta uko tuzitirira abaromani.
ikindi kintu nari nibagiwe kuvugaho ni ukubabwira amoko y'inyandiko ariyo Aya: nkubabitekerezo(ideograph/hieroglyphs), siraburi(syllable), abugida, arufabeti/inyuguti. siraburi usanga buri jwi rifite ishusho yaryo gusa nayo igira ibimenyetso byinshi ugereranyije na arufabe, abugida iyo igira ingombajwi gusa ntanyajwi igira. rero munyemerere mbabwireho gato kumateka ya arufabe za abaratini, izi nyuguti zakilatini nizo zambere mukwangiza no kwica burundu imico y'andimoko zikogeza imico n'indimi zabanyirazo, kuberako iyo witegereje neza mumateka usanga kubwi imbaraga zabanyirazo baragiye bigarurira amoko menshi yo mwisi. bigaruriraga ubwoko runaka binyujijwe munzira y'intambara, n'inzira y'ubukoroni, iyo basangaga mufite uburyo mwandika ururimi rwanyu bafataga burikintu kibitse iyo nyandiko  n'ubwenge bwanyu bwose bimwe bakabitwika ibindi bakabitwara nyuma yaho bakabahatira kwiga inyandiko yabo n'ururimi rwabo.
iyo basangaga muri ishyanga ridafite inyandiko barushagaho kubasuzugura no kubafata nk'inyamaswa zitagira ubwenge, maze bikarushaho kuborohera kubashyiramo imico yabo binyujijwe mumyandikire Bari kubigisha. ngaho mbwira wowe utekereza iki iyo urikumvako hariho ibihugu bimwe nabimwe byo muri Africa bishobora kuba bikoresha indimi zabyo kavukire kukigereranyo cya 32% ariko bigakoresha 68% indimi z'amahanga byumwihariko ururimi rwabakoronije. jyeweho iyo mbitekereje bintera agahinda ngatengurwa ngaterwa ubwoba nuko n'ikinyarwanda ururimi rwanjye rwiza ariho rurimo rugana. ese mumyaka 32 iri imbere nitutagira icyo dukora uribazako ikinyarwanda kizaba gikoreshwa kukigereranyo cyakangahe ku ijana?
sawa ibyo utekereje uko birikose ndumva bidakabije kuba bibi, arikose nidukomeza tugata agati muryinyo nyuma yikinyejana kimwe gusa bizagenda gute kukinyarwanda?
ndakurahiye kizazima, kizashira ntanuzigera amenyako cyigeze kibaho. erega iyo ururimi ruzimye ntago ikiba kigiye Ari ururimi ahubwo haba hazimye ubwoko bwakoreshaga urwo rurimi. mundirimbo yacu y'igihugu turaririmba duti "ururimi rwacu rukaduhuza" none niruzima ubunyarwanda bazaba burihehe? turi abanyarwanda kuko tuvuga ikinyarwanda. nuko rero niduhaguruka gukotanira kwimana uRwanda birakwiriyeko twimana ikinyarwanda kugirango dukomere ku Ubunyarwanda. erega ururimi rwacu niyo ngobyi ihetse umuco nyarwanda, ndakekako usobanukiwe ibyo ndikuvuga.
kandi ikinyarwanda niwo muco wacu.

ngaho abafite amatwi nimwumve! abafite amaso ngaho mwitegereze murebe icyo ibihe bihatse.

UBUKORONI

Ubukoroni mbere na mbere menyako ari gahunda mbi Kandi cyane. ntacyiza cy'ubukoroni kuko umuntu umwe yigira nk' igitangaza uwatoranijwe n' Imana uwasizwe amavuta yubuyobozi, naho undi akamufata nk'imbwa yo kumuhigira nk'ikivume cyo kumuhingira.
ibimvuze mubisobanukiwe kundusha kuko muzi uburyo abanyafurika twacakajwe imbyaro zacu zikajyanwa bunyago Kandi muribyobihe umunyafurika yarushwaga agaciro n'imbwa y'umukoroni. ibyo singiye kubitindaho kuko kuri ubu dufite ubwigenge, gusa nabyo biri mubyatumye imico yacu yangirika Kandi s' ibyo gusa kuko nababwiyeko aho abakoroni bagiye basanga inyandiko barazitwikaga murwego rwo kurimbura umuco n'amateka y'ubwo bwoko. mu Rwanda ho murabiziko ntanyandiko twari dufite gusa ntibivuzeko twari inyamaswa ahubwo twari ishyanga rifite ubwenge buhanitse kuko abasokuruza bacu Bari bafite ubuhanga butandukanye muguhanga, ikimenyi n'ikimenyetso nuko hagati ya 2021 na 2022 ababirigi baherutse kudusubiza ibihangano byacu batwibye mugihe Bari batubase(colonial period), ibyo bihangano harimo indirimbo, imbyino, ibisigo nibindi. ibyo byerekanako twahoranye ubwege muri kamere yacu bikongera bikerekanako ubukoroni Ari isooko y'itsemba muco bukaba inyoko y'ihonya ndimi.

UBUKORONI MUKUZIMYA UMUCO NO KWIMIKA ICO

erega umuco muzima uzira ico. Kandi iyo uhawe undi muco mubyukuri uwo si umuco ahubwo ni ico. munyemerere tureberehamwe aho dusanga abakoroni barasenye umuco wabandi binyujijwe mukurimbura inyandiko:

  1. BAMUM:

    mu mwaka wi 1896 hano muri Africa mugihugu cya kameroni kungoma y'uwitwa Ibrahim Njoya Ingoma ngabe yiwe yitwaga Bamum, kumyaka yiwe 25 yamavuko mu 1896 yakusanije ibimenyetso bishoboka kugirango arememo inyandiko yandika ururimi rwiwe nabaturage biwe. mu mwaka wi 1910 nibwo iyo nyandiko yaremye iri mubwoko bwa siraburi yatangiye gukoreshwa kuko yari imaze kuzura, ifite ibimenyetso 80 bihagarariye burijwi ribarizwa m'ururimi rwabo. mugihe cy'ubukoroni igihugu cyiwe cyabanje gukoronizwa na abadage, gusa nyuma y'intambara y'isi yambere murabiziko abadage baje gutsindwa nuko ibihugu baribakoronije bigahabwa abafaransa, ababirigi nabandi.
    rero kameroni mugihe yari ikoronijwe n’abadage ntakibazo abadage bigeze bagira k'ubwenge bw'umwami Njoya ahubwo bamufashije mubikorwa bitandukanye nko gucapa inyigisho yahaga abaturage biwe harimo kwandika amateka yigihugu cyiwe, kunoza umubano ndetse namabwiriza yogukora imibonano mpuza bitsina muburyo bukwiye, nibindi. Kandi Njoya yubatse namashuri ajijura abaturage biwe, ariko nyuma y'intambara y'isi yambere.
    nico igihe kameroni yaje gukoronizwa n'abafaransa ibyakurikiyeho ni agahoma munwa, abafaransa bafashe umwami Njoya bamufungira ahantu habi kugeza bimuviriyemo urupfu, barangije bafata buri rupapuro cg ikindi cyose kiriho imyandikire ya Bamum baragitwika inyandiko yabo nibyo yari ibitse barabirimbura. maze abaturage ba kameroni bategekwa kwiga no kwandika munyuguti za kiratini (Latin alphabet) byumwihariko kwiga igifaransa. nguko uko abafaransa bagize uruhare mukwangiza umuco wabanyafurika Kandi si aho gusa, kuko natwe ibyatubayeho bafitemo uruhari singiye kubibibutsa kuko murabizi.

  2. MEITEI MAYEK:

    iyi nyandiko meyiteyi mayeke bivugwako ishabora kuba yarakoreshejwe igihe kingana n'ikinyejana cg ikinyagihumbi. yari inyandiko yakoreshwaga yandika ururimi rwita Manipuri mumajyaruguru y'iburasirazuba bw'Ubuhinde. mumwaka wi 1709 abamanipuri baje kwinjirirwa n'umuvugabutumwa wo mubwoko bwa abahindu maze abuzuzamo inyigisho zagihindu bita VAISHNAVISM Kandi iyo myizerere yabaga ifite ibitabo byanditswe munyuguti z'abahindu zitwa BENGALI. mu 1729 umwami w'abamanipuri warumaze guhinduka mumyizerere kubera kumva inyigisho za gihindu yaje kugoryama nuko ategekako batwika buri kintu cyose Kiri munyandiko ya MEITEI MAYEK, Kandi Koko yaje kubigeraho inyandiko y'ubwoko n'ururimi rwiwe arabirimbura. igikorwa yakoze niba uri umunyarwanda usobanukiweko ibyo yakoze ko biruta gutema ishami wicayeho, ahubwo yatemye umugongo umuhekera, yaciye amabere y'Inka imukamirwa! iyinkuru icyo dukwiriye kuyikuramo nuko Idini naryo rishobora kugira uruhare muguhonya umuco runaka nibyawo byose Kandi iyo binyuze mumyizerere ikintu gitangaje nuko ntagahato ushyirwaho ngo wisenyere, ahubwo ubikora ubishaka Kandi ubikunze maze ukiyangiza kakahava.

UBWIGENGE

UBWIGENGE niyo ntwaro irwanya ububata(ubukoroni) Kandi nicyo gisubizo cyo kunesha ububata.
hano ndagirango tureberehamwe ibihugu bitandukanye ku isi(ntago Ari muri Africa gusa) byagiye bitahurako kuba bikoresha inyandiko z'abandi byumwihariko zakilatini ariyo nzira yo kurimbuka ku ururimi rwabo n' umuco wabo. bagahitamo gusigasira umuco wabo binyuze muguha ururimi rwabo inyandiko yarwo yihariye Kandi bwite bwitiriwe ubwoko bwabo. ikindi ntutekerezeko izo mpinduramatwara zabaye mubihe twita antikite. Hoya rwose, turaza gusanga biboneka ndetse nomumyaka yo mubihumbi bibiri byaragiye bikorwa gusa turahera mumyaka ya kera tuza twegera ibihe turimo.
reka duhere aha:

  1. ARMENIAN ALPHABET:

    Armenia nyuma yo gukoronizwa (kubatwa) n'amoko atandukanye(Persians, Arabs, Byzantines, Mongols and Turks) gusa buri bwoko bwababase bwabahaga inyandiko yabwo ngo bayikoreshe ndetse no kururimi rwabo. hariho umugabo wariwarabaye umukirisito kurwego rukomeye aho nanubu igihugu cyiwe kimwita umutagatifu Kandi uwo mugabo yakoze imirimo myinshi ngo igihugu cyiwe kibone ubwigenge mubintu bitandukanye kuko bivugwako yatanze umusanzu ukomeye mukubaka ubwami bw'Arumeniya bwitwaga Arsacid dynasty cg arishakuni. ntawundi uwo yitwa Mesrop mashtots , Mesrop yaje kugira intekerezo imwerekako ururimi rwabo ruzarimbuka nirubaho rudafite inyandiko yarwo ihamye Kandi yihariye kurirwo, Kandi ko bikwiriyeko igihugu cyiwe kigaragara neza nkibindi bihugu byose bikomeye ikindi abonako rubanda rugufi rutagize amahirwe yo kwiga bihambaye nabo bakwiye gusoma nokwandika ururimi rwabo, byumwihariko nkuwihaye Imana wese yari afite intego yo gucapa bibiriya n'ururimi rwabo rw'Arumeniya munyandiko yarwo bwite. igitekerezo cyiwe umwami warikungoma yarigishimye nuko mumwaka wa 405 nibwo yasoje uyu mukoro utoroshye, nuko inyandiko yabo itangira gukoreshwa.
    magingo aya inyandiko yabo yabaye ubukombe kandi Arumeniya ibarwa mubihugu bikomeye ndetse bifite inyandiko ibiranga ku isi. nkuko Mesrop yabirotaga.

  2. Hangul alphabet:

    tugere muri aziya dutere ijisho muri Korea kungoma yumwami Sejong the Great
    Umwami Sejong yaje kwiga kururimi rwiwe yiga ijambo kurindi ararenga yiga ijwi kurindi rigize ururimi rwiwe asanga bidakwiriye, Yuko ururimi rwiwe rukomeza gukoresha inyandiko y'abashinwa yitwa Hanja(hanzi) iri mubwoko bwa nkubabitekerezo, nuko kubera ubumenyi yaramaze kugira kururimi rwiwe ahitamo gukora inyandiko itangaje ku isi ayita Hangul yaje kuzura no gukoreshwa mumwaka 1443 gusa Hangul yakoreshejwe cyane igihe Korea yarimaze kwigobotora ububata(ubukoroni) yari yarabaswe na Japan. nanubu Korea zombi amajyepfo n'amajyaruguru bakoresha Hangul Kandi sibo gusa kuko no mubushinwa hariho abayikoresha Kandi benshi.

  3. N'KO ALPHABET:

    kera habayeho umugabo akitwa Solomana Kante wari utuye mugace kitwa Kankan mugihugu cya Guinea. uyu Kante yaje gusoma ikinyamakuru gisebya abanyafurika muri rusange, iyo nkuru idusebya ikatwaka ubumuntu yari yaranditswe munkuru z'ikinyamakuru cyitwa Lebanese igira iti indimi nyafurika zimeze nk'indimi zinyoni(inyamaswa) zose ntibishobokako zandikwa. abihuza nukuntu abirabura bafatwaga Koko nkinyamaswa bimutera umwete wokunyomoza inkurukinyoma nkiyongiyo, nuko mugihe yari yarasuhukiye mugihugu cya kotedivwari nibwo yatangiye kurema inyandiko yokwandika ururimi rwiwe rwitwa Mandenkana (rubarizwa muri Mande languages) rukoreshwa mubihugu bitandukanye byomuri afrika yiburengera zuba.
    mu 1949 nibwo yasoje uyu mukoro, nuko ataha iwabo yamamaza umurimo wintoki ziwe abaturage barabishima kuko babonyeko amata abyaye amavuta.
    kandi Bari bafite umugani mumuco wabo uvuga nkagutya uti "igisenge gisakaye inzu imwe nticyasakara indi (the roof of a hut from one village, will never fit a hut in a different village)" bikabafasha kumvako inyandiko yandika ururimi rumwe bidakwiyeko yandika nurundi bitandukanye. iyi nyandiko yayise nko bisobanurwa gutya ngo "ndavuze" magingo Aya nko n'inyandiko ikoreshwa mubihugu bitandukanye nka Mali, Guinea, Gambia, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone byumwihariko kubakoresha ururimi rwa mandinkana.
    nko ikoreshwa byumwihariko muri gineya ikindi iyi nyandiko yaje gukoreshwa cyangwa kwemerwa ko yajya muzindi nyandiko zikoreshwa muri mudasobwa(computers) mumwaka wi 2006 nyakanga kubera ubufasha bwa UNICODE consortium y'abanyamerica.

  4. ADLAM alphabet:

    iyi nyandiko aho ibera igitangaza nuko yaremwe n'abavandimwe babiri, reka turebe amateka yayo.
    aba bavandimwe babiri aribo Ibrahima na abdoulaye bakiri bato babaye inzirakarengane z'amateka, kuko igihugu Cyabo kitari gifite inyandiko yihariye kururimi rwabo bamwe bakoreshaga icyarabu mukwandika abandi bagakoresha inyuguti zakilatini mbese byari uruvange. ise ubabyara yari impuguke mugusoma no kwandika ndetse niwe wasomeraga abaturage bo mugace ke inzandiko, bukeye ahagana mumyaka Yi 1980 abana babaza ise bati ese ko icarabu candikwa muburyo bwacyo igifaransa nacyo bikaba uko naho twebwe tukaba twandika Fulani ururimi rwacu dukoresheje inyandiko yabarabu n abafaransa none twebwe inyandiko yacu niyihe? nuko ise araterura ati twebwe ntago twigeze inyandiko mumateka abana nabo basezeranya se bati twebwe tuzarema inyandiko yafulani. nuko abana baratangira biha akazi katabahemba kubwo kugira ishyaka ryo gucungura umuco wabo. maze abandi bana murungano rwabo iyo babaga Bari gukina, ibo Ibrahima na abdoulaye babaga bifungiranye mucyumba maze Bose bagahumiriza. buri wese akimajina cg agatekereza ishusho aruziko ikwiye ijwi runaka bihaye ryo muri Fulani, nuko iyo Bose basozaga bahitaga bahumura bagahitamo inziza murizombi, kugeza barangije kurema inyandiko. bayiremye umukuru afite imyaka 11 undi afite 9, ubu bariho barakuze ni abagabo Kandi inyandiko bakoze kurubu irakoreshwa. yatangiye gukoreshwa byumwihariko mumyaka yi bihumbi bibiri (2000s) Kandi cyane kurubu irino muri za mudasobwa ndetse naza Android nkuko naza nko bimeze.
    ADLAM ikaba yarakiriwe cg yarashyizwe muri UNICODE mu 2016 kamena kubw'ubufasha nubundi bwa ya sosiyete nyamerika(American) yitwa Unicode Consortium, impamvu bayise ADLAM nuko bisobanurwa gutya ngo "inyandiko izakiza abantu banjye kuzima"

UMWERO

Umwero n'inyandiko yaremwe nanjye KWIZERA MUGISHA nyigeneye indimi z'abantu(bantu languages) byumwihariko ikinyarwanda ikiba ifite umwihariko wo kuba yakwandika ikinyarwanda nkuko kivugwa.
igihe natangiye kurema iyinyandiko nashoboraga kumara umunsi wose ndikuvuga ijwi/ inyajwi/ingombajwi imwe bukanyiriraho, mubyukuri nkibitangira abambonaga Bose babonagako nasaze bakavuga bati icyo asigaje n'ukwiruka.
Ari Data umbyara Ari abavandimwe Bose baravugaga bati niba utaranasaze uri guta umwanya kubidashoboka, ikindi nakundaga kubabaza ijambo/ inyuguti kuyindi nuko uwombajije ati umbabarire singiye gusazwa nibibazo byawe bidashinga, gusa sinacitse intege ahubwo narakomezaga ngahatiriza. reka mbabwire banyaRwanda aho inganzo nayikuye. byatangiye kera cyane jye mbonako byari ibigomba kuzaba. kera rero nakundaga kwandika indirimbo nuko nazisoma nkabona ibyo nanditse bitandukanye nibyo ndikuririmba bikancanga bikantera kwibaza ukuntu umukoroni wadukoronije yaje atazi kuvuga ururimi tuvuga ikinyarwanda bwacya akatwigisha kwandika ururimi rwacu Kandi atazi kuruvuga nabyo bikancanga nkabonako uko birikose harimo ubwiru bwirira amakosa.
mu 2017 nibwo nasoje amashuri yisumbiye maze ikiruhuko ngifatira muri Kenya, inayirobi aho nari nagiye gusura bakuru banjye(Nduwayo D na Byiringiro P) naje kumva nokumenya Yuko indimi zabo zifitanye isano n'ururimi rwacu ikinyarwanda ikindi mbonako twese dukoresha inyuguti zimwe zakilatini ariko nsanga tuzikoresha muburyo butandukanye urugero  twebwe dukoresha C mukwandika ijwi CA naho muri Kenya, Uganda bakoresha CH mukwandika ijwi CA. mubyukuri twese abantu tuvuga Bantu languages irijwi turivuga kimwe gusa tukaryandika bitandukanye. aho nahise mbonako dukeneye inyandiko inogeye indimi zacu twese Kandi ikaduhuza twese kuko duhuje amajwi mundimi zacu, ikindi mbona Abarundi bakoresha Z aho bavuga DZ natwe tugakoresha Z aho tuvuga ZA, si ibyo gusa kuko nakomeje kwiga kunyandiko nsanga ibihekane twandika bihabanye nuburyo twebwe tuvuga ikinyarwanda, ahubwo mbonako twandika ikinyarwanda gisa nikivugwa nabazungu cyaneko arinabo batwigishije kucyandika, bagendeye kuburyo bacyumva Kandi sibanga rwose bakivuga nabi twese turabizi.
urugero igihekane RW muzi uburyo abazungu bagisoma burya Niko biba byanditswe kuko ni RA+WA = R[u]W[a] gusa twebwe abanyarwanda tuvuga harimo akajwi kumvikanamo nka GA niba ukekako ndikukubeshya Wenda uze kwifashisha google-reader maze wandikemo ayamagambo abiri uraza kumva ikinyuranyo 1) RWANDA 2)RGWANDA naje gutaha mva Nairobi ngaruka muri Kigali yuje amahoro n'isuku, nuko mu 2019 nibwo natangiye kurema inyandiko yikinyarwanda gusa nabikoze ndigushingira kumboneza bitekerezo z'abanyarwanda bakera maze ndema inyuguti,ibihekane byazo n'imibare. izonyuguti naje kuzita izina nabwo ngendeye kumbonezabitekerezo nyarwanda nuko nzita UMWERO wowe nubishaka uzite UMWERO alphabet

KWERA M'UMUCO NYARWANDA

mubyukuri ijambo umwero risigura byinshi mumuco wacu kuko uhereye kera kose abanyarwanda barindwaga bakagasanirwa n'Imana yeze cg yera, bakarya imyaka yomubutaka yeze(umwero w'ibihingwa), ikindi bakanywa Amata Kandi murabizi mwese ko amata Ari ayera. ese ibyo bivuze iki? bivuzeko iryo Zina Umwero rihagarariye intekerezo yubahisha IMANA, INKA N'INGOMA.
ikindi navuga nuko amashusho cg inyuguti zigize umwero zifite uburyo bwubuhanga buhanitse bwo guhuza ingano kuko zose zihuje ihuriro cg joint mundimi z'amahanga, ikindi nagennye uburebure ntarengwa zigomba gukurikiza gusa ibyo ntibivizeko zose zireshya kuko harimo ingufi nizindi ndende ariko zose zihuje ihuriro/joint kandi ingufi zirareshya n'indende zikareshya.
amwe mumashusho agaragaza bimwe mubikomeye bigize umuco wacu ndaje nyabereke mu imbonerahamwe ikurikira:
inyuguti z'umwero ubusobanuro
mother's womb mwese musanzwe mubiziko uRwanda biva kunshinga KWANDA bisobanuye kwaguka
rero ntamuryango ushobora kwaguka hatabayeho kubyara. kandi murabizi neza ko umubyeyi ubyara umwana agaseruka uwo ni UMUGORE umugore icyo arusha umugabo ni NYABABYEYI imwe irera umwana akiri munda. uwo mubyeyi mukinyarwanda yitwa mama cg mawe. kandi ayo mazina yose atangizwa n'inyuguti M niyo mpamvu mu mwero alphabet Ma ifite ishusho ya nyababyeyi nkuko mubiruzi aho
cow's head Inka mumuco nyarwanda n'ibanze. murabizi iyo inyambo yabira isohora ijwi rimeze nkagutya ati "baaaaa" ubwo byumvikaneko harimo B na A rero iyo wandika A mumwero ni ishusho yumutwe ufite amahembe bisigura umutwe w'inka
naho iyo wanditse BA mu mwero uhita ubona ishusho yinyamaswa yinyamabere ifite n'amahembe bikaguha Inka yuzuye muntekerezo, ngiyo hasi
baa means mammal animal.
sound ta byose ntago ngiye kubivuga nonaha muzabisanga mugitabo cyitwa "UMWERO KABBALAH + HISTORY" ariko reka nkubwire ikindi kintu, amashusho/inyuguti yose ntago afite ubusobanuro kumuco, hariho amwe naremye ncingiye kubipimo narinagennye zose zikwiye gukurikiza, Andi ashushanyije nkuko avugwa mukanwa ndaguha urugero.
inyuguti ya T mumwero niba uri kureba uko imeze ndagusabye wihangane uyivuge uti TA, nuyivuga urumvako ururimi rwagiye hejuru imbere ku isonga y'ururimi noneho inyuma hakabonekamo akanogo/akobo, ngaho bigereranye niyo shusho uri kureba.
urabonako nayo imbere ariho hari hejuru naho inyuma hakaba akanogo/akobo, hariho nizindi nkizingizi zikozwe hashingiye kumivugire yazo.

IMIBARE

hariho icyotutavuzeho, inyandiko y'Umwero ifite uburyo bwihariye yandikamo imibare, mubyukuri ubyumvise bitewe nukuntu wize imibare wakumvako bidashoboka nyamara ndumugabo woguhamyako mumuco nyarwanda/mu ikinyarwanda byose bishoboka, nonese ibaze nawe kukubwirako nta zeru ibaho mumibare wabyumva ute?
Ibyo ntubitindeho kuko imibare igize Umwero nta zeru ibamo; imibare ihera kuri rimwe kugera nko kuri 10^33(decillion), ese bishoboka bite?
Njyakurema uburyo bwokwandika Imibare nabanjije Kwibaza ubwanjye ati imibare n'iki? nuko mbaza nabandi benshi bagiye batandukanye, barambwiraga bati imibare ni ibarwa, bitekerezeho nawe? umbwire niba hariho icyaba umubare kandi kitabarwa? Nuko nyuma yicyo gisubizo narabanje mbaza barumuna banjye bato cyane
umukuru yarafite imyaka 9 naho umuto 7 nuko nanjye nti mumbarire nibura mugeze kuri makumyabiri bagiye kubara bahereye kuri rimwe, eh aho ntangira kugira ibyo ntekereza bukeye mbaza abanyeshuri twigana muri kaminuza nabo mbasaba kumbarira bakageza ku ijana mubyukuri benshi bitewe nutubazo ncangabitekerezo najyaga mbabaza banze kunsubiza gusa uwansubije yarambariye ageza kuri karindwi ati nawe komerezaho kuko kubara nawe ntago ubiyobewe.
Gusa nawe yatangiriye kuri rimwe.

Nyuma yaho rero maze kubonako koko ubara wese kandi mundimi zose ahera kuri 1 nahise mpita nibaza noneho nti “ ese zero isobanurwa gute mururimi rwanjye?”
arinjye ari wowe ari n'uwansubije twese tuzi nezako ari UBUSA, rero aho naratangiye nkora ubushakashatsi kubusa nkabaza abantu nti “wagira ubusa burenze bumwe wenda nkubusa icumi?”
nabo bati “ ahubwose wabara ubusa? Ntago bishoboka kubara ubusa, rero ubusa ni ubusa bivuzeko ntakintu gihari”, nkongera nkababaza nti “nonese ntanubwo wanyereka nibura inkoni zingana n'ubusa noneho nyuma ngo uzekunyereka inkoni icumi?” unsubije wese ati “wasaze wamuntu we inkoni zingana nubusa ntago zibaho kuko ubusa ni ubusa. gusa inkoni icumi wazibona ntakabuza” uh birakomeza birancanga gusa aho nasaga nutangiye gufindura ibanga ryo kubara. Aho niho noneho natangiye kwibaza uti “niba ubusa ari ubusa bukaba bufite ishusho yagenewe ubusa nibyiza arikose kuki ishusho y' ubusa ariyo iha ikuzo imibare ugasanga ubusa inyuma ya rimwe bibaye icumi?” kandi inka icumi wazerekana ariko inka ubusa ntago zibaho nonese ibaze nawe ukuntu byaba icumi mugihe inka imwe inyuma yayo haba hari ubusa warangiza uti zibaye inka icumi? ikindi ubusa kuko butagaragara bivuzeko bwaba imbere cg inyuma bwakomeza bukaba ubusa muri make 10 = 01 =1 kuko 0 ari ubusa?

Nahise mpitamo kwifashisha amateka y'Urwanda nsanga abanyarwanda bose bari abatunze, ntawigeze atunga ubusa. buri wese yari afite ibibarwa umunyarwanda wabaga ntanka atunze yabaga afite abana mbese ntawagize ubusa, ndavuga nti wenda birashobokako abanyamahanga babayeho mubuzima bubi kugeza batunze ubusa gusa twebweho ntabwo twigeze. Ikindi nasanze buri mubare ubarwa wihagije ubwawo.
Nyuma yokubonako ubara ahera kuri rimwe nanjye nahise ntagira kurema ishusho y”imibare mpereye kuri rimwe gukomeza nkuko ubara abigenza, kandi nabigezeho mbona birashobotse gusa byashobotse kuko nashingiye kumibarire n'imigirire ya kinyarwanda mbese ishingiro ryabyose ni umuco/ikinyarwanda
rero naje gusanga ururimi rwacu ruhishe ubuhanga bukomeye kuko ibintu nubatse 2019 ncingiye kumuco nyarwanda n imivugire y'ikinyarwanda, mu 2022 nibwo nasanze bijya guhura ijana ku ijana nibyo umufirozofe w'umudage cornelius agrippa yavuze ati “ imibare yose uko ari icumi(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) ibonerwa muri rimwe kugarukira kuri kane(1+2+3+4) gusa imibare icyenda yambere mumwero nayo iboneka kubera 1 na 4.
hano biransaba gukora imbonerahamwe ngo mbereke uko imibare icyenda yambere 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 uko iboneka ivuye muri 1 na 4:
umwero kiny numbers impamvu ungana n uyu
umwero rimwe rimwe nki ibisanzwe ni rimwe. umunyarwanda uko yerekana rimwe akoresheje intoki, yerekana urutoki rumwe. akaba ariyo mpamvu dushushanya agakoni kamwe 1
umwero rimwe kabiri yerekana intoki ebyiri zigasimburwa nudukoni tubiri 2
umwero rimwe gatatu yerekana intoki eshatu, zigasimburwa n udukoni dutatu 3
umwero rimwe kugirango umenye impamvu kane yabaye gutya aho kuba intoki enye biragusaba kumenya umuco wa aborozi b' inka: umutunzi w'inka iyo avuzeko afite inka zingana n'umunani ukinze aba avuzeko afite inka cumi nazitandatu. kuko aba ashatse gusobanurako inka umunani atunze buri yose ifite inyana yayo
ndetse Abanyamulenge nabo babigenza nkagutya kuko ibo basobeka intoki ebyiri iyo babara kane muri make bakinga intoki ebyiri bigasobanura kabiri gakinze ko ari kane kandi koko niba wanyumvise nasobanuyeko umubare mukinyarwanda kizima iyo uwuvuze ukongeraho ko ukinze uba uvuzeko wikubye kabiri.
niyo mpamvu kane mumwero ari ugukinga udukoni tubiri muburyo bwo kudusobeka bikavuga kane.		 4
umwero rimwe rero nufata yashusho ya rimwe ukayomatanya(guteranya) na kane biraba gatanu, gusa urahera iburyo kuko ariryo tegeko 5
umwero rimwe nyuma yokubona gatanu, nufata irindi rimwe ukaryomatanya na gatanu kuruhande rw'ibumose biraba bibaye gatandatu 6
umwero rimwe gatandatu ubonyeko imeze nka mpande eshatu zegeranyijwe, rero aho izo mpande eshatu zahuriye niwomekamo rimwe biraba karindwi. ariyo uri kubona 7
umwero rimwe kuri karindwi turongera twomekeho rimwe ariko duhereye hejuru kuko ariryo tegeko, biraba bibaye umunani 8
umwero rimwe k'umunani turaza komeka rimwe hasi, ishusho yacu ibe irifunze maze bibe icyenda bihamyeko imibare yambere icyenda irangiye 9

imabare ntiwibwireko irangiriye k icyenda kuko navuzeko ikomeza kugera kuri 10^33(decillion) kandi ntago igoye kuyiga kuko uba wumva impamvu ishingiye kumuco. cyaneko iyo wamenya icyenda yambere biguha amahirwe yo kumenya yose kuko icyenda yambere niyo yambikwa imbaraga runaka, urugero iyo umubare uwambitse ikama uba uwubariye mubinyjana, inzu ukaba ibinyagihumbi.

Umwero